Precautionary Steps to be Followed When Using Cell Phones

The CEO (Center for Environmental Oncology) suggested this 10-point list of precautions:

1.Children should only use cell phones for emergencies. Organs that are still growing are likely to be the most sensitive to electromagnetic fields.

2.When using your cell phone, keep it away from the body as much as you can. Compared to holding it next to your head, the amplitude of the electromagnetic field drops to 25 per cent at two inches (5 cm) distance and to 2 per cent at three feet (about 1 metre).

3.Use speakerphone, or a wireless Bluetooth headset, as much as possible. These have less than 1 per cent of the emission of a normal cell phone. A hands-free ear piece may also reduce exposure.

4.Using your cell phone in public, crowded places, like a bus, means others are passively exposed to your phone's electromagnetic fields, so avoid using it in these places.

5.Keep your phone away from your body as much as possible - don't carry it on your body. Don't keep it near your body at night (eg under a pillow or on a bedside table), especially if you are pregnant. Put it in "flight" mode, which stops electromagnetic emissions (you can still other functions such as the alarm in this mode).

6.If you have to carry it on your body, keep the keypad toward you and the back of the phone pointing away from you so more of the transmitted electromagnetic field moves away from you rather than toward you.

7.For long conversations use a landline with a corded phone, not a cell phone or a cordless phone, since both use similar electromagnetic emitting technology.

8.Alternate right and left ear when using your cell phone, to spread the exposure. Wait until the person you are calling answers before placing the phone next to your ear. In other words, do everything you can to cut your exposure time with the phone close to your body.

9.Avoid using your phone when travelling at speed, such as on a train, or when the signal is weak. The phone will be trying to connect to a new relay antenna, and uses higher power to do this.

10.Text rather than call, as much as you can. This limits exposure in two ways: less time on the phone and the phone is further away from your body.

**Choose a phone with the lowest possible Specific Absorption Rate (SAR, a measure of the strength of the magnetic field absorbed by the body).

DBT sponsored courses in Universities/Institutions

UNIVERSITIES/INSTITUTIONS- M.Sc. COURSES
1 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (Medical Biotechnology)
2 Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (General Biotechnology)
3 Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (General Biotechnology)
4 Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali, Rajasthan (General Biotechnology)
5 Devi Ahilya Viswavidyalaya, Indore (General Biotechnology)
6 Gujarat University, Ahmedabad (General Biotechnology)
7 Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. Karnataka (General Biotechnology)
8 Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar (General Biotechnology)
9 Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (General Biotechnology)
10 Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla (General Biotechnology)
11 Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (General Biotechnology)
12 Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (General Biotechnology)
13 Jammu University, Jammu (General Biotechnology)
14 Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (General Biotechnology)
15 Kumaun University, Nainital (General Biotechnology)
16 Lucknow University, Lucknow (General Biotechnology)
17 Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai (General Biotechnology)
18 MS University, Baroda (General Biotechnology)
19 Mysore University, Mysore (General Biotechnology)
20 Nagpur University, Nagpur (General Biotechnology)
21 Pondicherry University, Pondicherry (General Biotechnology)
22 Tezpur University, Tezpur Assam (General Biotechnology)
23 University of Allahabad, Allahabad (General Biotechnology)
24 University of Calicut, Kerala (General Biotechnology)
25 University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad (General Biotechnology)
26 University of Kashmir, Srinagar (General Biotechnology)
27 University of North Bengal, Siliguri (General Biotechnology)
28 University of Poona, Pune (General Biotechnology)
29 Utkal University, Bhubneshwar (General Biotechnology)
30 Visva Bharathi Shantiniketan, WB (General Biotechnology)
31 Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (Agricultural Biotechnology)
32 GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (Agricultural Biotechnology)
33 Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidhalaya, Palampur (H.P.) (Agricultural Biotechnology)
34 Indira Gandhi Agricultural Univ. Raipur (Agricultural Biotechnology)
35 Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani (Agricultural Biotechnology)
36 Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubneshwar (Agricultural Biotechnology)
37 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore (Agricultural Biotechnology)
38 Goa University, Goa (Marine Biotechnology)
39 Annamalai University, Parangipettai (Marine Biotechnology)
40 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (Neurosciences)
41 Jiwaji University, Gwalior (Neurosciences)
42 National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon (Neurosciences)
43 Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar (Industrial Biotechnology)
44 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research,Mohali (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)

Research Opportunities at CSIR Labs

Central Drug Research Institute, (CDRI, Lucknow)
Drug discovery to development, synthetic/natural product chemistry, combinatorial chemical synthesis, molecular modelling, HTS, structural biology, broad-based biological screening, Pharmacology, Pharmaco-kinetics, toxicology phase I clinical studies, chemical & fermentation technology, quality control and standardization, proteomics, medicinal chemistry, molecular and cell biology, phytochemicals/ Herbal Drugs/ nutraceuticals research.

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB, Kolkata)
Synthetic/ natural products/ medicinal chemistry, Infectious Diseases, cellular physiology, Drug Designing, molecular modelling, molecular biology, Biotechnology, cell signals for oncogene expression and metabolic diseases, immunology, Human Genetics, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, Pharmacology, phytochemicals/ nutraceuticals.

Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT, Hyderabad)
Synthetic and natural product chemistry, chemical/ process engineering, combinatorial/ medical Chemistry, asymmetric synthesis for chiral Drugs, custom synthesis, computer-aided modelling and drug design, glyco-therapeutics, peptides and peptido-mimetics, enzyme mimics (drug delivery systems), Pharmacology, pre-clinical toxicity pharmacokinetics, toxicology, phytochemicals/ Herbal Drugs/ nutraceuticals research, quality control and formulation.

Indian institute of Microbial Technology (IMT, Chandigarh)
Molecular and cell biology, microbial genetics, immunology, structural biology, protein engineering, fermentation technology, culture type depository, microbial gene bank, bioinformatics, proteomics, molecular and cell biology.

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology(IGIB, Delhi)
Genomics and molecular medicine, Predictive Medicine, genome informatics (in-silico biology), bio-informatics, pathway modelling, proteomics structural biology, comparative genomics and gene expression, Immunology and Molecular Genetics of Respiratory Disorders including Allergy, nucleic acids and peptides, Bioactive molecules of medicinal importance

Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine(IIIM, Jammu)
Agrotechnology, synthetic (chiral) and natural product chemistry, herbal drugs, select biological screening, bioprospecting, microbial biodiversity for industrially useful enzymes, genetic fingerprinting, identification/ authentification of medicinal plants, fermentation technology, quality control and standardization of herbal drugs, establishment of medicinal plants gene bank, bioinformatics, pharmacology, phytochemicals/ herbal drugs/ nutraceuticals research.

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP, Lucknow)
Agrotechnology of economically important herbs, process technology for phytochemicals, herbal drugs, nutraceuticals, genetic fingerprinting of plants/ herbs, plant bioinformatics, genetic improvement, bioprospecting, molecular and cell biology, quality control and formulation.

Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology,(CCMB, Hyderabad)
Advanced molecular and cell biology, Biotechnology, Sperm-associated Proteins/Fertility Potential of Sperm, DNA-Fingerprinting, signal transduction, Eye Diseases, Hepatitis Vaccine, Microbial Genetics, transgenics, Antimicrobial Proteins, genomics, proteomics molecular and cell biology.

National Chemical Laboratory (NCL, Pune)
Synthetic chemistry, tissue culture, biotechnology, industrial microbiology, nanoparticle technology, smart polymer gels, chemical/ process engineering, bioprocess/ enzyme/ fermentation technology, combinatorial chemistry, medicinal chemistry, quality control and formulation.



Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, Palampur)
Identification, collection, isolation and characterization of plants and microbes chemical and molecular characterization of bioactive, genomics, tissue culture, agrotechnology of medicinal plants, phytochemicals/ herbal drugs/ nutraceuticals research, and chemical/ process engineering.

Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC, Lucknow)
In vitro test systems for bio-evaluation/ identification of molecules or neurological disorders and antioxidant activity, complete toxicity evaluation in small animals; identification and action mode of hazardous toxicants/ pollutants, diagnostics for toxicants/ pollutants; safety evaluation/ preventive measures for environmental/ industrial hazards, and quality assessment of drinking water.

National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI, Lucknow)
Pharmacognosy, ethnopharmacology, herbal drugs (authentification, standardization, characterization), nutraceuticals agrotechnology of medicinal plants, plant improvement of economically important plants, proteomics, transgenics, molecular and cell biology, quality control and formulation

Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute(CSMCRI, Bhavnagar)
Bioactive from plants, cultivation of desert economic plants and their value addition, sea weed cultivation, phycocolloids and marine microbes, biotechnology, synthetic chemistry and drug intermediates desalination water treatment technology for pure water for drinking, low sodium and plant/ herbal salt.

North-East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST, Jorhat)
Bioactives from plants, drugs intermediates, isolation and characterization of active molecules and analytical services.

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO, Goa)
Collection and identification of marine flora and fauna, biological Screening (antimicrobial, anticancer, oxytocic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fouling cytotoxic, antimalarial, antiosteoporotic antiviral, immunomodulatory) and marine natural product chemistry for the identification and structure elucidation of active molecules.

National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST, Trivandrum)
Synthesis of drugs/ drug intermediates, natural products isolation, biological screening, chemical finger printing, herbal drugs, nutraceuticals, bioprocess/ enzyme technology and phytochemicals

Central Food Technological Research Institute(CFTRI, Mysore)
Nutraceuticals, health-promoting effects of spices herbs/ food (antioxidants, digestion-stimulants, anti-inflammatory), traditional remedies, food-safety/ nutritional toxicology, nodal codex food laboratory, animal and plant cell culture, PCR probes and biosensors, phytochemicals/ nutraceuticals research, quality control & formulation, toxicology and bioprocess/ enzyme/ fermentation technology

Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI, Chennai)
Controlled drug delivery systems, collagen-based biomaterials, skin biology

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI, Kolkata)
Ceramic membrane technology based water purification technologies, ceramic based bio-medical implant

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI, Nagpur)
Water purification, diagnostic kits, etc.

CSIR- JRF Life Sciences

PAPER I -SECTION A

There is no prescribed syllabus for Paper 1 Section A but the question includes from Computer, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and Geography. Paper 1 Section A contains 30 questions, 5 from each Subject. We are trying to provide syllabus of these subjects that is based on the last 5 year question papers and from the view of some experts.

PAPER I -SECTION B

1. Cell Biology: Structure and function of cells and intracellular organelles (of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes) mechanism of cell division including (mitosis and meiosis) and cell differentiation: Cell-cell interaction: Malignant growth; Immune response: Dosage compensation and mechanism of sex determination.

2. Biochemistry: Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds; Principles of physical chemistry: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, dissociation and association constants; Nucleic acid structure, genetic code, replication, transcription and translation: Structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; Enzymes and coenzyme; Respiration and photosynthesis.

3. Physiology: Response to stress: Active transport across membranes; Plant and animal hormones: Nutrition (including vitamins); Reproduction in plants, microbes and animals.

4. Genetics: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, chromosome structure and function: Gene Structure and regulation of gene expression: Linkage and genetic mapping; Extrachromosomal inheritance (episomes. mitochondria and chloraplasts); Mutation: DNA damage and repair, chromosome aberration: Transposons; Sex-linked inheritance and genetic disorders; Somatic cell genetics: Genome organisation (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes).

5. Evolutionary Biology: Origin of life (including aspects of prebiotic environment and molecular evolution); Concepts of evolution: Theories of organic evolution: Mechanisms of speciation; Hardyweinberg genetic equilibrium, genetic polymorphism and selection; Origin and evolution of economically important microbes, plants and animals.

6. Environmental Biology: Concept and dynamics or ecosystem, components, food chain and energy flow, productivity and biogeochemical cycles; Types of ecosystems, Population ecology and biological control: Community structure and organisation: Environmental pollution: Sustainable development; Economic importance of microbes, plants and animals.

7. Biodiversity and Taxonomy: Species concept; Biological nomenclature theories of biological classification, Structural biochemical and molecular systematics: DNA finger printing, numerical taxonomy, Biodiversity, characterization, generation maintenance and loss: Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity, economic value, wildlife biology, conservation strategies, cryopreservation

PAPER II

1. Principles of Taxonomy as applied to the systamics and Classification of Plant Kingdom: Taxonoric structure:
Biosystematics; Plant geography; Floristics.
2. Patterns of variation in morphology and life history in plants: Broad outlines of classification AND evolutionary trends among algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes; Principles of palaeobotariy; Economic importance of algae, fungi and lichens.
3. Comparative anatomy and developmental morphology of gymnosperms and angiosperms: Histochemical and ultrastructural aspects of development; Differentiation and morphogenesis.
4. Androgensis and gynogenesis; Breeding system; Pollination biology; structural arid functional aspects of pollen and pistil; Male sterility; Self and inter-specific incompatibility Fertilization Embryo and seed development.
5. Plants and civilization; Centres of origin and gene diversity; Botany, utilization, cultivation and improvement of plants of food, drug, fibre and industrial values, Unexploited plants of potential economic value; Plants as a source of renewable energy: Genetic resources and their conservation.
6. Water Relation: Mineral nutrition; Photosynthesis and photorespiration; Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulphur metabolism; Stomatal physiology; Source and Sink relationship.
7. Physiology and biochemistry and seed dormancy and germination; Hormonal regulation of growth and development; Photoregulation: Growth responses, Physiology of flowering: Senescence.
8. Principles of plant breeding; important conventional methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops: Non conventional methods; Polyploidy: Genetic variability; Plant diseases and defensive mechanisms.
9. Principles of taxonomy as applied to the systematics and classification of the animal kingdom; Classification and interrelationship amongst the major invertebrate phyla; Minor invertebrate phyla, Functional anatomy of the nonchordates; larval forms and their evolutionary significance.
10. Classification and comparative anatomy of protochordates and chordates; Origin, evolution and distribution of chordates groups: Adaptive radiation.
11. Histology of mammalian organ systems, nutrition, digestion and absorption; Circulation (open and closed circular, lymphatic systems, blood composition and function); Muscular contraction and electric organs; Excretion and osmoregulation: Nerve conduction and neurotransmitters; major sense organs and receptors; Homeostatis (neural and hormonal); Bioluminiscence; Reproduction.
12. Gametogenesis in animals: Molecular events during fertilization, Cleavage patterns and fate maps, Concepts of determination, competence and induction, totipotency and nuclear transfer experiments: Cell differentiation and differential gene activity: Morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm; Role of maternal contributions in early embryonic development; Genetic regulations of early embryonic development in Drosophila; Homeotic genes.
13. Feeding, learning, social and sexual behavior of animals; Parental care; Circadian rhythms; Mimicry; Migration of fishes and birds; Sociobiology; Physiological adaptation at high altitude.
14. Important human and veterinary parasites (protozoans and helminths); Life cycle and biology of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Ascaris, Wuchereria, Fasciola, Schistosoma and Leishmania; Molecular, cellular and physiological basis of host - parasite interactions.
15. Arthropods and vectors of human diseases (mosquitoes, lice, flies and ticks); Mode of transmission of pathogens by vectors; Chemical, biological and environmental control of anthropoid vectors; Biology and control of chief insect pests of agricultural importance; Plant host-insect interaction, insect pest management; useful insects: Silkworm
16. The law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox; Numerical, and structural changes in chromosomes; Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations and their role in evolution; Environmental mutagenesis and toxicity testing; Population genetics
17. Structure of pro-and eukaryotic cells: membrane structure and function: Intracellular compartments, proteinsorting, secretory and endocytic pathways; Cytoskeleton; Nucleus; Mitochondria and chloroplasts and their genetic organisation; cell cycle; Structure and organisation of chromatin, polytene and lampbrush chromosomes; Dosage compensation and sex determination and sex-linked inheritance.
18. Interactions between environment and biota: Concept of habitat and ecological niches; Limiting factor; Energy flow, food chain, food web and tropic levels; Ecological pyramids and recycling, biotic community-concept, structure, dominance, fluctuation and succession; N.P.C. and S cycles in nature.
19. Ecosystem dynamics and management; Stability and complexity of ecosystems; Speciation and extinctions; environmental impact assessment; Principles of conservation; Conservation strategies; sustainable development.
20. Physico-chemical properties of water; Kinds of aquatic habitats (fresh water and marine); Distribution of and impact of environmental factors on the aquatic biota; Productivity, mineral cycles and biodegradation in different aquatic ecosystems; Fish and Fisheries of India with respect to the management of estuarine, coastal water systems and man-made reservoirs; Biology and ecology of reservoirs.
21. Structure, classification, genetics, reproduction and physiology of bacteria and viruses (of bacteria, plants and animals); Mycoplasma protozoa and yeast (a general accounts).
22. Microbial fermentation; Antibiotics, organic acids and vitamins; Microbes in decomposition and recycling processes; Symbiotic and asymbiotic N2-fixation; Microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage: Microbes as pathological agents in plants, animals and man; General design and applications of a biofermenter, Biofertilizer.
23. Antigen; Structure and functions of different clauses of immunoglobulins; Primary and secondary immune response; Lymphocytes and accessory cells; Humoral and cell mediated immunity; MHC; Mechanism of immune response and generation of immunological diversity; Genetic control of immune response, Effector mechanisms; Applications of immunological techniques.
24. Enzyme Kinetics (negative and positive cooperativity); Regulation of enzymatic activity; Active sites; Coenzymes Activators and inhibitors, isoenzymes, allosteric enzymes; Ribozyme and abzyme.
25. Van der Waalls, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction; Primary structure and proteins and nucleic acids; Conformation of proteins and polypeptides (secondary, Tertiary, quaternary and domain structure); Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot; Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA; Structure of carbohydrates, polysaccharides, glycoproteins and peptido-glycans; Helixcoil transition; Energy terms in biopolymer conformational calculation.
26. Glycolysis and TCA cycle; Glycogen breakdown and synthesis; Gluconeogenesis; Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses; Amino acid metabolism; Coordinated control of metabolism; Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines; Oxidation of lipids; Biosynthesis of fatty acids; Triglycerides; Phospholipids; Sterols.
27. Energy metabolism (concept of free energy); Thermodynamic principles in biology; Energy rich bonds; Weak interactions; Coupled reactions and oxidative phosphorylations; Group transfer Biological energy transducers; Bioenergietics.
28. Fine structure of gene, Eukaryotic genome organisation (structure of chromatin, coding and non-coding sequences, satellite DNA); DNA damage and repair, DNA replication, amplification and rearrangements.
29. Organization of transcriptional units; Mechanism of transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; RNA processing (capping. polyadenylation, splicing, introns and exons); Ribonucleoproteins, structure of mRNA; Genetic code and protein synthesis.
30. Regulation of gene expression in pro and eukaryotes; Attenuation and antitermination; Operon concept; DNA methylation: Heterochromatization; Transposition; Regulatory sequences and transacting factors; Environmental regulation of gene expression.
31. Biochemistry and molecular biology of cancer; Oncogenes; Chemical carcinogenesis; Genetic and metabolic disorders; Hormonal imbalances; Drug metabolism and detoxification; Genetic load and genetic counseling.
32. Lysogeny and lytic cycle in bacteriophages; Bacterial transformation; Host cell restriction; Transduction; Complementation; Molecular recombination; DNA ligases; Topoisomerases; Gyrases; Methylases; Nucleases;
Restriction enctonucleases; Plasmids and bacteriophage base vectors for cDNA and genomic libraries.
33. Principles and methods of genetic engineering and Gene targeting; Applications in agriculture, health and industry.
34. Cell and tissue culture in plants and animals; Primary culture; Cell line; Cell clones; Callus cultures; Somaclonal variation; Micropropagation; Somatic embryogenesis; Haploidy; Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization; Cybrides; Genetransfer methods in plants and in animals; Transgenic biology; Allopheny; Artificial seeds; Hybridoma technology.
35. Structure and organisation of membranes; Glycoconjugates and proteins in membrane systems; Ion transport, Na+IK+ATPase; Molecular basis of signal transduction in bacteria, plants and animals; Model membranes; Liposomes.
36. Principles and application of light phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Cytophotometry and flow cytometry, fixation and staining.
37. Principles and applications of gel-filtration, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography; Thin layer and gas chromatography; High pressure liquid (HPLC) chromatography; Electrophoresis and electrofocussing; Ultracentrifugation (velocity and buoyant density).
38. Principles and techniques of nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves; Sequencing of Proteins and nucleic acids; Southern, Northern and South-Western blotting techniques; Polymerase chain reaction; Methods for measuring nucleic acid and protein interactions.
39. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymer structure, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, UV, ORD/CD, Visible. NMA and ESA spectroscopy: Hydrodynamic methods: Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy.
40. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology; Radiation dosimetry: Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes; Effect of radiation on biological system: Autoradiography; Cerenkov radiation; Liquid scintillation spectrometry.
41. Principles and practice of statistical methods in biological research, samples and populations; Basic statistics average, statistics of dispersion. Coefficient of variation: Standard error; Confidence limits: Probability distributions (biomial, Poisson and normal); Tests of statistical significance: Simple correlation of regression; Analysis of variance.